Aina Giza Aur Gizaeyat Objective and Subjective with Urdu Medium for 9th class By Mis Sadia Mukhtiyar

Aina Giza Aur Gizaeyat Objective and Subjective in Urdu Medium

1. Introduction to Aina Giza (Geology) and Gizaeyat (Mineralogy):
   • Definition and scope of geology and mineralogy.
   • Importance of understanding earth sciences in various fields.
   • Overview of the objectives and methodologies of studying rocks and minerals.
2. Fundamentals of Geology:
   • Basic concepts of geology including rock types, geological time scale, and plate tectonics.
   • Understanding geological processes such as weathering, erosion, and sedimentation.
   • Introduction to geological maps, cross-sections, and fieldwork techniques.
3. Mineralogy Basics:
   • Definition and classification of minerals.
   • Crystallography: Study of crystal systems, forms, and properties.
   • Identification of minerals based on physical and optical properties.
4. Rock Types and Formation:
   • Classification of rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic types.
   • Origin and formation processes of each rock type.
   • Characteristics and distribution of major rock formations globally.
5. Structural Geology:
   • Analysis of geological structures such as folds, faults, and joints.
   • Principles of structural geology and their applications in understanding earth’s crustal movements.
   • Interpretation of geological maps and cross-sections to decipher subsurface structures.
6. Mineral Formation and Properties:
   • Processes of mineral formation including igneous crystallization, sedimentation, and metamorphism.
   • Physical and chemical properties of minerals.
   • Practical techniques for mineral identification in hand samples and thin sections.